The battle of Yarmuk in 636 was a turning point in history. ...
(page 7)
Despite a thousand
years of alien Greek and Roman rule, Syria still retained its own distinctive
Semitic culture. This was particularly apparent in religion. In addition
to non-Christian minorities, the bulk of the population in some provinces
belonged to churches regarded as heretical elsewhere in the Empire. Palestine
was largely Orthodox Christian, but central and northern Syria were Monophysite
- a theological difference that meant a very great deal in those days!
. . . But the most alienated community was that of the Samaritans (page
9)
who, persecuted by
Christians and Jews alike, had risen in support of the Sassanian Persian
invaders and would soon help the Muslim Arabs.... (page 10)
Meanwhile the Ghassanids
were by no means the only Christian Arab tribe. For many years Byzantium
had insisted that tribes become Christian in return for Byzantine support.
In Arabia itself wandering monks spread the Gospel by preaching at annual
tribal fairs. Muhammad himself was a native of the Hijaz, and there were
Christian monasteries in the north of this area serving as centres of
Byzantine influence. More monks also sought refuge among the Christian
Arab tribes during the Sassanian invasion of Palestine. Christianity was
similarly spreading in Yemen to the south. Even in Oman, in eastern Arabia,
Christianity had been recorded since the 4th century. Most of the people
of present-day Iraq may also have been Christian by the early 7th century.
Despite the spread
of Christianity among the Arabs, the Byzantines still looked upon their
desert neighbours as barbarians, set apart by their nomadic way of life,
and the Greeks had little real knowledge of the Arabian peninsula. Their
image of the Arabs was stuck in an outdated mould, describing them as
'wild untamed beasts', 'beastly and barbarous enemies', the Old Testament
'hosts of Midian' or as agents of Divine Wrath.... (page 12)
After the Prophet
Muhammad died in 632 he was succeeded politically, though not in a religious
sense, by a Caliph (Khalifah) or 'viceregent', the first of whom was Abu
Bakr. Very soon Abu Bakr realized that if the Muslims did not control
the tribes then the Byzantines would, and raids were launched to impose
Muslim authority on all Arabic-speaking peoples. ... (page 14)
In 634 the Muslims
defeated a Byzantine force, killing its commander who as a Candidatos
ranked as a member of the Emperor's own bodyguard. The following year's
earthquake and the appearance of a sword-shaped comet apparently coming
from the south would later be interpreted as omens of the forthcoming
Muslim conquest.... (page 16)
The sixth and
final day of the battle began with skirmishing between the formations
of Gargis and Abu 'Ubaida, during which Gargis was killed. The entire
Muslim army then surged forward. ... Nevertheless the Byzantines were
siezed by panic: their escape was cut off. Some laid down their weapons
and attempted to surrender, but the Muslims, having (page 77) suffered
appalling losses, did not take many prisoners. (page 78)